A homogenization-based five-step multi-scale finite element (FsMsFE) simulation framework is developed to describe the time-temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of 3D braided four-directional composites. The current analysis was performed via three-scale finite element models, the fiber/matrix (microscopic) representative unit cell (RUC) model, the yarn/matrix (mesoscopic) representative unit cell model, and the macroscopic solid model with homogeneous property. Coupling the time-temperature equivalence principle, multi-phase finite element approach, Laplace transformation and Prony series fitting technology, the character of the stress relaxation behaviors at three scales subject to variation in temperature is investigated, and the equivalent time-dependent thermal expansion coefficients (TTEC), the equivalent time-dependent thermal relaxation modulus (TTRM) under micro-scale and meso-scale were predicted. Furthermore, the impacts of temperature, structural parameters and relaxation time on the time-dependent thermo-viscoelastic properties of 3D braided four-directional composites were studied. 相似文献
Cold‐inducible RNA‐binding protein (CIRP) was previously identified as an intracellular stress‐response protein, which can respond to a variety of stress conditions by changing its expression and regulating mRNA stability through its binding site on the 3′‐UTR of its targeted mRNAs. Recently, extracellular CIRP (eCIRP) was discovered to be present in various inflammatory conditions and could act as a pro‐inflammatory factor. Genetic studies have demonstrated a key role for eCIRP in inflammatory conditions that led to the importance of targeting eCIRP in these diseases. Currently, the underlying mechanism of eCIRP‐induced inflammation is under intensive investigation and several signalling pathways are being explored. Here, we epitomized various signalling pathways that mediate the pro‐inflammatory effects of CIRP and also recapitulated all the CIRP‐derived peptides that can block the interaction between CIRP and its receptors in inflammatory setting. 相似文献
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a well-established analysis method to evaluate biomarker’s discrimination accuracy for binary outcomes. When the endpoint of interest is time to event outcome such as time to cancer recurrence, a biomarker’s time-varying discriminatory performance is often assessed by time-dependent ROC analysis. In practice, biomarkers are often imprecisely measured due to the limitation of assay sensitivity. The values below the limit of detection are not detectable. Ignorance of such data characteristic may lead to inaccurate estimation of marker’s potential discriminatory power. The objective of this article is to extend time-dependent ROC method to censored biomarker data by using parameter estimates from the Cox regression model that accommodates censored biomarker measurements. In the simulation study, the proposed methods are shown to outperform the simple substitution method that has been conventionally adopted for handling censored data. Application data are also given to illustrate our methods. 相似文献
Introduction: Inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands are producing a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. The promising clinical outcomes and a multi-billion dollar market have prompted active research and development and resulted in relentless patent protection. However, the global patent landscape in this field remains unclear.
Areas covered: The patent landscape encompassing global patenting activities and developing trends in the field is discussed based on a data set of 1287 patent families. Patenting activities have expanded rapidly in the past three years. Specific trends in relevant aspects are presented, including patent filing countries, patent ownership, co-patents, technical areas, and technological connections in terms of patent citation relationships.
Expert opinion: Together with patenting momentum in recent years, fragmented ownership and dense technological connections of PD-1-related inventions raise the possibility of a patent thicket. The explosion of patent applications and complex citation relationships could also lead to considerable patent conflicts and disputes on overlapping intellectual property rights, in addition to existing legal uncertainties. Patent applicants in this field are encouraged to be aware of these concerns when developing valid patent strategies. 相似文献
Accurate and efficient antigen delivery is crucial for inducing a strong and long-term immune response. A visible protein nanovaccine made from antigen could provide a novel and promising technology for secure and efficient delivery of the antigen with imaging visualization. In this study, a functional nanovaccine based on genipin crosslinked ovalbumin (OVA) fluorescent nanoparticles with chitosan (CS-OVA-NPs) was developed. The nanovaccine can carry abundant antigens by self-crosslinking without additional carriers. The fluorescence imaging technique was applied to monitor and reveal the process of antigen delivery in vivo based on the fluorescence of genipin with a non-invasive and real-time manner. This functional OVA nanovaccine can enhance the uptake of OVA in Dendritic Cells (DCs) and further promote DCs to maturate in vitro. In vivo study further indicated CS-OVA-NPs could trigger antigen-specific immune responses, which demonstrated that this fluorescent nanovaccine provided a novel design approach for accurate and efficient vaccine delivery. 相似文献
Herein, we report reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and pH-responsive biodegradable polyethylene glycol (PEG)-block-polycarbonate by installing thioether groups onto the polycarbonate and its self-assembled core/shell structured micelles for anticancer drug delivery. Oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxide and subsequently sulfone induces an increase in hydrophilicity, resulting in more hydrophilic micellar core. This phase-change caused the micelles to swell and enhance cargo release. Carboxylic acid groups have also been installed onto thioether-containing polycarbonate to promote loading of amine-containing anticancer doxorubicin through electrostatic interaction. Urea-functionalized thioether-containing PEG-block-polycarbonates were synthesized to mix with the acid-functionalized PEG-block-polycarbonate for stabilizing micelle structure through hydrogen-bonding interaction. The mixed micelles were 50?nm in diameter and had a 25?wt% loading capacity for doxorubicin. Enhanced drug release from the micelles was triggered by low pH and high content of ROS. Drug-encapsulated micelles accumulated in tumors through leaky tumor vasculature in PC-3 human prostate cancer xenograft mouse model. 相似文献